在Linux下，我們經常需要查看系統的硬體信息， 這裡我羅列了查看系統硬體信息的實用命令，並做了分類，實例解說。
執行環境：ubuntu 16.04
1. cpu
lscpu命令，查看的是cpu的統計信息.
root@ubuntu:/home/peng/# lscpu
Architecture: x86_64 #cpu架構
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian #小尾序
CPU(s): 1 #總共有1核
On-line CPU(s) list: 0
Thread(s) per core: 1 #每個cpu核，只能支持一個線程，即不支持超線程
Core(s) per socket: 1
Socket(s): 1
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel #cpu產商 intel
CPU family: 6
Model: 158
Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-7500 CPU @ 3.40GHz
Stepping: 9
CPU MHz: 3408.070
BogoMIPS: 6816.14
Hypervisor vendor: VMware
Virtualization type: full #支持cpu虛擬化技術
L1d cache: 32K
L1i cache: 32K
L2 cache: 256K
L3 cache: 6144K
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0查看/proc/cpuinfo,可以知道每個cpu信息，如每個CPU的型號，主頻等。
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 158
model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-7500 CPU @ 3.40GHz
stepping : 9
microcode : 0x48
cpu MHz : 3408.070
cache size : 6144 KB
physical id : 0
siblings : 1
core id : 0
cpu cores : 1
apicid : 0
initial apicid : 0
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 22
wp : yes
.....2. 內存
概要查看內存情況
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1970 702 315 13 952 1025
Swap: 974 20 954這裡的單位是MB，總共的內存是1970MB。
查看內存詳細使用
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 2017516 kB
MemFree: 242020 kB
MemAvailable: 1003240 kB
Buffers: 104192 kB
Cached: 699824 kB
SwapCached: 1832 kB
Active: 696320 kB
Inactive: 639924 kB
Active(anon): 236412 kB
Inactive(anon): 301996 kB
Active(file): 459908 kB
Inactive(file): 337928 kB
Unevictable: 48 kB
Mlocked: 48 kB
.....查看內存硬體信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# dmidecode -t memory
# dmidecode 3.0
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0084, DMI type 5, 46 bytes
Memory Controller Information
Error Detecting Method: None
Error Correcting Capabilities:
None
Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave
Current Interleave: One-way Interleave
Maximum Memory Module Size: 32768 MB
Maximum Total Memory Size: 491520 MB
Supported Speeds:
70 ns
60 ns
Supported Memory Types:
FPM
EDO
DIMM
SDRAM
Memory Module Voltage: 3.3 V
Associated Memory Slots: 15
.....內存最大值是 491520 MB。
3. 磁碟
查看硬碟和分區分布
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
sda 8:0 0 500G 0 disk
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 975M 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda1 8:1 0 499G 0 part /查看硬碟和分區的詳細信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 500 GiB, 536870912000 bytes, 1048576000 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x9c674a44
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 1046575103 1046573056 499G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1046577150 1048573951 1996802 975M 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1046577152 1048573951 1996800 975M 82 Linux swap / Solaris4. 網卡
查看網卡硬體信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lspci | grep -i 'eth'
02:01.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82545EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) (rev 01)
查看系統的所有網路介面
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# ifconfig -a
ens33 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0c:29:bb:bd:40
inet addr:192.168.0.117 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::76fa:5548:3da0:2ef/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:174629 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:105285 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:237519396 (237.5 MB) TX bytes:9592767 (9.5 MB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:854 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:854 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:60894 (60.8 KB) TX bytes:60894 (60.8 KB)
或者是
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:bb:bd:40 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
或者
如果要查看某個網路介面的詳細信息，例如ens33的詳細參數和指標
【有的ubuntu網口是eth0】
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# ethtool ens33
Settings for ens33:
Supported ports: [ TP ]
Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full #支持千兆半雙工，全雙工模式
1000baseT/Full
Supported pause frame use: No
Supports auto-negotiation: Yes #默認使用自適應模式
Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
1000baseT/Full
Advertised pause frame use: No
Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
Speed: 1000Mb/s #網卡的速度是1000Mb
Duplex: Full #全雙工
Port: Twisted Pair
PHYAD: 0
Transceiver: internal
Auto-negotiation: on
MDI-X: off (auto)
Supports Wake-on: d
Wake-on: d
Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
drv probe link
Link detected: yes #表示有網線連接，和路由是通的
5. pci
查看pci信息，即主板所有硬體槽信息。
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82845 845 (Brookdale) Chipset Host Bridge (rev 04)
00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82845 845 (Brookdale) Chipset AGP Bridge(rev 04)
00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM USB (Hub #1) (rev 02)
00:1d.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM USB (Hub #2) (rev 02)
00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 Mobile PCI Bridge (rev 42)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801CAM ISA Bridge (LPC) (rev 02)
00:1f.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801CAM IDE U100 (rev 02)
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM SMBus Controller (rev 02)
00:1f.5 Multimedia audio controller:Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 02)
00:1f.6 Modem: Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM AC'97 Modem Controller (rev 02)
01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go](rev a3)
02:00.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): VIA Technologies, Inc. IEEE 1394 Host Controller(rev 46)
02:01.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+(rev 10)
02:04.0 CardBus bridge: O2 Micro, Inc. OZ6933 Cardbus Controller (rev 01)
02:04.1 CardBus bridge: O2 Micro, Inc. OZ6933 Cardbus Controller (rev 01)
由上述的 輸出可以看到，我的電腦上共有3個PCI匯流排(0號，1號，2號）。在單個系統上，插入多個匯流排是通過橋（bridge)來完成的，橋是一種用來連接匯流排 的特殊PCI外設。所以，PCI系統的整體布局組織為樹型，我們可以通過上面的lspci輸出，來畫出我的電腦上的PCI系統的樹型結構：
00:00.0(主橋）--00:01.0(PCI橋）-----01:00:0(nVidia顯卡）
|
|---00:1d(USB控制器)--00:1d:0(USB1號控制器）
| |
| |--00:1d:1(USB2號控制器） |
|-00:1e:0(PCI橋)--02:00.0(IEEE1394)
| |
| |-02:01.0(8139網卡）
| |
| |-02:04(CardBus橋)-02:04.0(橋1）
| |
| |--02:04.1(橋2)
|
|-00:1f(多功能板卡)-00:1f:0(ISA橋）
|
|--00:1f:1(IDE介面)
|
|--00:1f:3(SMBus)
|
|--00:1f:5(多媒體聲音控制器)
|
|--00:1f:6(數據機)
由上圖可以得出，我的電腦上共有8個PCI設備，其中0號匯流排上(主橋)上連有4個，1號匯流排上連有1個，2號匯流排上連有3個。00:1f是一個連有5個功能的多功能板卡。
如果要更詳細的信息:
lspci -v 或者 lspci -vv
如果要看設備樹:lscpi -t
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lspci -t
6. usb
查看usb信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lsusb
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0e0f:0002 VMware, Inc. Virtual USB Hub
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 0e0f:0003 VMware, Inc. Virtual Mouse
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
lsusb -t查看系統中的USB拓撲，類似cat /sys/kernel/debug/usb/devices
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lsusb -t
/: Bus 02.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=uhci_hcd/2p, 12M
|__ Port 1: Dev 2, If 0, Class=Human Interface Device, Driver=usbhid, 12M
|__ Port 2: Dev 3, If 0, Class=Hub, Driver=hub/7p, 12M
/: Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=ehci-pci/6p, 480M
/var/lib/usbutils/usb.ids還保存了很多設備商的VID信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# cat /var/lib/usbutils/usb.ids | grep King
7778 Counterfeit flash drive [Kingston]
0100 Kingston Flash Drive (128MB)
c010 Kingston FCR-HS2/ATA Card Reader
07cb Kingmax Technology, Inc.
4100 Kingsun SF-620 Infrared Adapter
4959 Kingsun KS-959 Infrared Adapter
0015 Kingston DataTraveler ELITE
0016 Kingston DataTraveler U3
0998 Kingston Data Traveler2.0 Disk Driver
0999 Kingston Data Traveler2.0 Disk Driver
6519 Kingston DataTraveler 2.0 USB Stick
653c Kingston DataTraveler 2.0 Stick (512M)
653d Kingston DataTraveler 2.0 Stick (1GB)
6544 TransMemory-Mini / Kingston DataTraveler 2.0 Stick (2GB)
6545 Kingston DataTraveler 102/2.0 / HEMA Flash Drive 2 GB / PNY Attache 4GB Stick
0951 Kingston Technology
0d8a King Jim Co., Ltd
00a3 Smart King PRO Uninterruptible Power Supply (HID PDC)
0e56 Kingston Technology Company, Inc.
0f8e Kingnet Technology Co., Ltd
13fe Kingston Technology Company Inc.
1f00 Kingston DataTraveler / Patriot Xporter
1687 Kingmax Digital Inc.
16df King Billion Electronics Co., Ltd.
2149 EntropyKing Random Number Generatorlsusb -v查看系統中USB設備的詳細信息
lsusb -v7. lshw查看所有硬體摘要信息
下面命令可以查看所有硬體摘要信息，並輸出成一個html文件，把此html文件導出到電腦上，直接打開，可以清楚的看到硬體信息：
lshw -html > /hardware.html8. lsscsi查看SCSI控制器設備的信息
可以看到SCSI信息和所有虛擬磁碟以及光碟機的信息，如果沒有硬體SCSI控制器，那就不會返回信息：
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lsscsi
[2:0:0:0] disk VMware, VMware Virtual S 1.0 /dev/sda
[4:0:0:0] cd/dvd NECVMWar VMware SATA CD01 1.00 /dev/sr0 插入一個U盤後再查看：
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lsscsi
[2:0:0:0] disk VMware, VMware Virtual S 1.0 /dev/sda
[4:0:0:0] cd/dvd NECVMWar VMware SATA CD01 1.00 /dev/sr0
[33:0:0:0] disk Kingston DataTraveler G2 1.00 /dev/sdb 可以看到U盤為Kingston。
9. 查看bios信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng# dmidecode -t bios
# dmidecode 3.0
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS Information
Vendor: Phoenix Technologies LTD
Version: 6.00
Release Date: 07/29/2019
Address: 0xEA480
Runtime Size: 88960 bytes
ROM Size: 64 kB
Characteristics:
ISA is supported
PCI is supported
PC Card (PCMCIA) is supported
PNP is supported
APM is supported
BIOS is upgradeable
BIOS shadowing is allowed
ESCD support is available
Boot from CD is supported
Selectable boot is supported
EDD is supported
Print screen service is supported (int 5h)
8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h)
Serial services are supported (int 14h)
Printer services are supported (int 17h)
CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h)
ACPI is supported
Smart battery is supported
BIOS boot specification is supported
Function key-initiated network boot is supported
Targeted content distribution is supported
BIOS Revision: 4.6
Firmware Revision: 0.0dmidecode以一種可讀的方式dump出機器的DMI(Desktop Management Interface)信息。這些信息包括了硬體以及BIOS，既可以得到當前的配置，也可以得到系統支持的最大配置，比如說支持的最大內存數等。
如果要查看所有有用的信息
dmidecode -q裡面包含了很多硬體信息。
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