Android遊戲市場越來越大，遊戲性能的優化也變得愈發重要。Android平台上的遊戲開發通常採用OpenGL ES，但是隨著硬體和驅動的升級，Vulkan成為了Android遊戲開發的更好選擇。本文將詳細介紹如何使用Vulkan提高Android遊戲的性能。
一、Vulkan簡介
Vulkan是一種新的圖形API，被設計用於提供高性能的圖形和計算處理。Vulkan能夠更好地利用多核CPU和GPU，顯著提高遊戲性能。Vulkan還具有更大的靈活性，使開發人員可以更好地控制硬體資源。
Vulkan與OpenGL ES最大的不同是其更為底層的編程介面。OpenGL ES可以被描述為一個狀態機，應用程序通過設置一些狀態以控制OpenGL ES的行為。但在Vulkan中，應用程序必須以更為嚴謹的方式來描述渲染和計算操作。
二、使用Vulkan提高Android遊戲性能的方法
1、利用多線程的實現
由於Vulkan使用多個線程來執行渲染和計算操作，因此開發人員可以利用多線程來優化Android遊戲的性能。例如，可以使用Vulkan中的非同步渲染技術，在渲染線程中渲染新的幀，在另一個線程中提交命令緩衝區。
2、使用Vulkan的擴展
Vulkan具有許多擴展，可用於優化Android遊戲性能。例如，VK_KHR_maintenance1擴展可以增加繪圖管線的性能，VK_KHR_get_memory_requirements2擴展可以增加內存分配的效率等等。開發人員可以針對自己的需求選擇不同的擴展。
3、使用Vulkan的低層次優化
Vulkan提供了多種低層次優化技術，如顯式同步、細粒度控制、優化圖形管線等，開發人員可以根據自己的需求選擇合適的優化方式。
三、Vulkan代碼實例
// 1. 創建 Vulkan 實例
VkInstance instance;
VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {};
appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
appInfo.pApplicationName = "My Application";
appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;
VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;
vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance);
// 2. 獲取 Vulkan 物理設備
VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice;
uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);
if (deviceCount == 0) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
}
std::vector devices(deviceCount);
vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());
for (const auto& device : devices) {
if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
physicalDevice = device;
break;
}
}
if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
}
// 3. 創建 Vulkan 設備
VkDevice device;
QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
std::vector queueCreateInfos;
std::set uniqueQueueFamilies = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value()};
float queuePriority = 1.0f;
for (int queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
}
VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures = {};
VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();
createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast(queueCreateInfos.size());
createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;
createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast(deviceExtensions.size());
createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();
if (enableValidationLayers) {
createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast(validationLayers.size());
createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
} else {
createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
}
if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
}
// 4. 創建 Vulkan 渲染流程
VkRenderPass renderPass;
VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};
colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;
renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
}
// 5. 創建 Vulkan 圖形管線
VkPipeline pipeline;
auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");
VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);
VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo = {};
vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";
VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo = {};
fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";
VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo};
auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();
VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo = {};
vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast(attributeDescriptions.size());
vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;
vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();
VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly = {};
inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;
VkViewport viewport = {};
viewport.x = 0.0f;
viewport.y = 0.0f;
viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
VkRect2D scissor = {};
scissor.offset = {0, 0};
scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;
VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = {};
viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;
VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer = {};
rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE;
rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;
rasterizer.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.0f;
rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = 0.0f;
rasterizer.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.0f;
VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling = {};
multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
multisampling.minSampleShading = 1.0f;
multisampling.pSampleMask = nullptr;
multisampling.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE;
multisampling.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE;
VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment = {};
colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;
VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending = {};
colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;
colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo = {};
pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 0;
pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = nullptr;
pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0;
pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr;
if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
}
VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = {};
pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = nullptr;
pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = nullptr;
pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &pipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
}
vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
結論
Vulkan可以顯著提高Android遊戲的性能。通過多線程實現、使用Vulkan擴展和低層次優化等方式，開發人員可以很容易地將性能提升到一個新的水平。使用Vulkan的代碼示例也展示了Vulkan的簡單易用性，使開發人員可以更加高效地開發Android遊戲。
原創文章，作者：小藍，如若轉載，請註明出處：https://www.506064.com/zh-tw/n/190146.html
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