Python 內置模塊

Python 交互 Shell有很多內置功能。它們在 shell 啟動時自動載入，並且始終可用，例如輸入/輸出的 print() 和 input() 、數字轉換函數 int() 、 float() 、 complex() 、數據類型轉換 list() 、 tuple() 、 set() 等。

除了內置函數之外，大量預定義函數也可以作為與 Python 發行版捆綁的庫的一部分。這些功能在模塊中定義稱為內置模塊。

內置模塊用 C 語言編寫，並與 Python Shell 集成。每個內置模塊都包含特定系統功能的資源，如操作系統管理、磁碟輸入輸出等。標準庫還包含許多 Python 腳本(帶有。py 擴展)包含有用的實用程序。

要顯示所有可用模塊的列表，請在 Python 控制台中使用以下命令:

Python IDLE

>>> help('modules') 

IPython             _weakrefset         heapq               secrets
__future__          _winapi             hmac                select
_abc                abc                 html                selectors
_ast                aifc                http                setuptools
_asyncio            antigravity         idlelib             shelve
_bisect             argparse            imaplib             shlex
_blake2             array               imghdr              shutil
_bootlocale         ast                 imp                 signal
_bz2                asynchat            importlib           simplegeneric
_codecs             asyncio             ind                 site
_codecs_cn          asyncore            inspect             six
_codecs_hk          atexit              io                  smtpd
_codecs_iso2022     audioop             ipaddress           smtplib
_codecs_jp          autoreload          ipython_genutils    sndhdr
_codecs_kr          backcall            itertools           socket
_codecs_tw          base64              jedi                socketserver
_collections        bdb                 json                sqlite3
_collections_abc    binascii            keyword             sre_compile
_compat_pickle      binhex              lib2to3             sre_constants
_compression        bisect              linecache           sre_parse
_contextvars        builtins            locale              ssl
_csv                bz2                 logging             stat
_ctypes             cProfile            lzma                statistics
_ctypes_test        calendar            macpath             storemagic
_datetime           cgi                 mailbox             string
_decimal            cgitb               mailcap             stringprep
_distutils_findvs   chunk               marshal             struct
_dummy_thread       cmath               math                subprocess
_elementtree        cmd                 mimetypes           sunau
_functools          code                mmap                symbol
_hashlib            codecs              modulefinder        sympyprinting
_heapq              codeop              msilib              symtable
_imp                collections         msvcrt              sys
_io                 colorama            multiprocessing     sysconfig
_json               colorsys            netrc               tabnanny
_locale             compileall          nntplib             tarfile
_lsprof             concurrent          nt                  telnetlib
_lzma               configparser        ntpath              tempfile
_markupbase         contextlib          nturl2path          test
_md5                contextvars         numbers             tests
_msi                copy                opcode              textwrap
_multibytecodec     copyreg             operator            this
_multiprocessing    crypt               optparse            threading
_opcode             csv                 os                  time
_operator           ctypes              parser              timeit
_osx_support        curses              parso               tkinter
_overlapped         cythonmagic         pathlib             token
_pickle             dataclasses         pdb                 tokenize
_py_abc             datetime            pickle              trace
_pydecimal          dbm                 pickleshare         traceback
_pyio               decimal             pickletools         tracemalloc
_queue              decorator           pip                 traitlets
_random             difflib             pipes               tty
_sha1               dis                 pkg_resources       turtle
_sha256             distutils           pkgutil             turtledemo
_sha3               doctest             platform            types
_sha512             dummy_threading     plistlib            typing
_signal             easy_install        poplib              unicodedata
_sitebuiltins       email               posixpath           unittest
_socket             encodings           pprint              urllib
_sqlite3            ensurepip           profile             uu
_sre                enum                prompt_toolkit      uuid
_ssl                errno               pstats              venv
_stat               faulthandler        pty                 warnings
_string             filecmp             py_compile          wave
_strptime           fileinput           pyclbr              wcwidth
_struct             fnmatch             pydoc               weakref
_symtable           formatter           pydoc_data          webbrowser
_testbuffer         fractions           pyexpat             winreg
_testcapi           ftplib              pygments            winsound
_testconsole        functools           queue               wsgiref
_testimportmultiple gc                  quopri              xdrlib
_testmultiphase     genericpath         random              xml
_thread             getopt              re                  xmlrpc
_threading_local    getpass             reprlib             xxsubtype
_tkinter            gettext             rlcompleter         zipapp
_tracemalloc        glob                rmagic              zipfile
_warnings           gzip                runpy               zipimport
_weakref            hashlib             sched               zlib

Enter any module name to get more help.  Or, type "modules spam" to search
for modules whose name or summary contain the string "spam". 

在接下來的幾章中，了解一些常用的內置模塊。*