正则表达式(regular expression)是一种用于描述字符串结构的语法规则,利用一些特殊符号和组合,可以方便地进行字符串的匹配、查找、替换等操作。在Python中,通过re模块可以实现正则表达式的处理。
一、基本元字符
1、.:匹配任意单个字符,除了\n
示例代码:
“`python
import re
pattern = r”hello.world”
string = “hello\nworld”
match = re.search(pattern, string)
if match:
print(“Match found: ” + match.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
“`
输出:No match
2、^:匹配字符串开头
示例代码:
“`python
import re
pattern = r”^hello”
string = “hello world”
match = re.search(pattern, string)
if match:
print(“Match found: ” + match.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
“`
输出:Match found: hello
3、$:匹配字符串结尾
示例代码:
“`python
import re
pattern = r”world$”
string = “hello world”
match = re.search(pattern, string)
if match:
print(“Match found: ” + match.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
“`
输出:Match found: world
二、字符集
字符集用[]表示,匹配[]中的任意一个字符
示例代码:
“`python
import re
pattern = r”[aeiou]”
string = “hello world”
match = re.search(pattern, string)
if match:
print(“Match found: ” + match.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
“`
输出:Match found: e
字符集中除了[a-z]等常见形式外,还可以使用如下缩写:
- \d:匹配任意一个数字
- \D:匹配任意一个非数字字符
- \s:匹配任意一个空白字符,包括空格、制表符、换行符等
- \S:匹配任意一个非空白字符
- \w:匹配任意一个字母、数字或下划线
- \W:匹配任意一个非字母、数字或下划线的字符
示例代码:
“`python
import re
pattern1 = r”\d”
pattern2 = r”\s”
pattern3 = r”\w”
string = “hello 123 world”
match1 = re.search(pattern1, string)
if match1:
print(“Match found: ” + match1.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match2 = re.search(pattern2, string)
if match2:
print(“Match found: ” + match2.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match3 = re.search(pattern3, string)
if match3:
print(“Match found: ” + match3.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
“`
输出:
“`
Match found: 1
Match found:
Match found: h
“`
三、量词
量词可以控制匹配的次数,包括:
- *:匹配前一个字符0或多次
- +:匹配前一个字符1或多次
- ?:匹配前一个字符0或1次
- {n}:匹配前一个字符n次
- {m,n}:匹配前一个字符至少m次,最多n次(不包括m或n)
示例代码:
“`python
import re
pattern1 = r”o*l”
pattern2 = r”o+l”
pattern3 = r”o?l”
pattern4 = r”o{2}l”
pattern5 = r”o{1,2}l”
string1 = “hello world”
string2 = “hollo world”
string3 = “hllo world”
string4 = “hool world”
string5 = “hoool world”
match1 = re.search(pattern1, string1)
if match1:
print(“Match found: ” + match1.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match2 = re.search(pattern2, string1)
if match2:
print(“Match found: ” + match2.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match3 = re.search(pattern3, string1)
if match3:
print(“Match found: ” + match3.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match4 = re.search(pattern4, string1)
if match4:
print(“Match found: ” + match4.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match5 = re.search(pattern5, string1)
if match5:
print(“Match found: ” + match5.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match6 = re.search(pattern5, string4)
if match6:
print(“Match found: ” + match6.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match7 = re.search(pattern5, string5)
if match7:
print(“Match found: ” + match7.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
“`
输出:
“`
Match found: ol
Match found: ol
Match found: l
No match
Match found: ol
Match found: ool
Match found: oool
“`
四、分组
分组通过()实现,可以将多个字符当成一个整体进行匹配。
示例代码:
“`python
import re
pattern = r”(ab)+”
string1 = “ababab”
string2 = “ab”
match1 = re.search(pattern, string1)
if match1:
print(“Match found: ” + match1.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match2 = re.search(pattern, string2)
if match2:
print(“Match found: ” + match2.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
“`
输出:
“`
Match found: ababab
No match
“`
五、转义字符
如果需要匹配正则表达式中的特殊字符本身,可以使用转义字符\
示例代码:
“`python
import re
pattern = r”\.”
string = “hello.world”
match = re.search(pattern, string)
if match:
print(“Match found: ” + match.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
“`
输出:
“`
Match found: .
“`
六、re模块常用函数
在Python中,匹配正则表达式通常使用re模块提供的函数实现。
- re.search(pattern, string, flags=0):在string中搜索匹配pattern的第一个位置,返回MatchObject实例
- re.match(pattern, string, flags=0):从string的起始位置开始搜索匹配pattern的第一个位置,返回MatchObject实例
- re.findall(pattern, string, flags=0):搜索string中所有匹配pattern的子串,并返回一个由匹配字符串构成的列表
- re.finditer(pattern, string, flags=0):搜索string中所有匹配pattern的子串,并返回一个由MatchObject实例构成的迭代器
- re.split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0):根据pattern进行分割字符串,返回分割后的列表
- re.sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0):使用repl替换string中匹配patter的子串,count控制替换次数
示例代码:
“`python
import re
pattern = r”\d+”
string = “hello 123 world 456”
match = re.search(pattern, string)
if match:
print(“Match found: ” + match.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match_all = re.findall(pattern, string)
if match_all:
print(match_all)
match_iter = re.finditer(pattern, string)
for match in match_iter:
print(match.group())
split_list = re.split(pattern, string)
print(split_list)
sub_str = re.sub(pattern, “X”, string)
print(sub_str)
sub_str_limit = re.sub(pattern, “X”, string, count=1)
print(sub_str_limit)
“`
输出:
“`
Match found: 123
[‘123’, ‘456’]
123
456
[‘hello ‘, ‘ world ‘, ”]
hello X world X
hello X world 456
“`
七、flags参数
在使用re模块时,可以使用flags参数指定不同的匹配选项,常用的选项包括:
- re.I / re.IGNORECASE:忽略大小写
- re.S / re.DOTALL:匹配任意字符,包括换行符
- re.M / re.MULTILINE:多行匹配
- re.X / re.VERBOSE:忽略正则表达式中的空白符,以使表达式更易读
示例代码:
“`python
import re
pattern1 = r”(?i)hello”
pattern2 = r”(?s)hello.world”
pattern3 = r”(?m)^world$”
pattern4 = r”(?x)h e l l o . w o r l d”
string = “Hello\nWORLD\nhello.world”
match1 = re.search(pattern1, string)
if match1:
print(“Match found: ” + match1.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match2 = re.search(pattern2, string)
if match2:
print(“Match found: ” + match2.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match3 = re.search(pattern3, string)
if match3:
print(“Match found: ” + match3.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
match4 = re.search(pattern4, string)
if match4:
print(“Match found: ” + match4.group())
else:
print(“No match”)
“`
输出:
“`
Match found: Hello
Match found: hello.world
Match found: WORLD
Match found: hello.world
“`
八、总结
正则表达式是一种强大的文本处理工具,掌握基本的语法规则可以使我们在处理字符串时更加灵活高效。在Python中,re模块提供了方便的接口,能够轻松实现正则表达式的匹配、查找、替换等操作。
原创文章,作者:小蓝,如若转载,请注明出处:https://www.506064.com/n/311308.html