Selenium使用教程

Selenium是一款功能强大的自动化测试框架，它可以模拟用户在浏览器中的各种操作，比如点击、输入等，通过自动化测试帮助开发人员减少手动测试的时间和成本，提高测试效率和代码质量。

本篇文章将从选取元素、常见操作、等待元素、多窗口处理和自定义浏览器驱动等多个方面详细阐述Selenium的使用方法。

一、选取元素

1、选取ID元素

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver.get(url)

element = driver.find_element_by_id('su')
element.click()

driver.quit()

2、选取class元素

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver.get(url)

element = driver.find_element_by_class_name('s_btn')
element.click()

driver.quit()

3、选取name元素

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver.get(url)

element = driver.find_element_by_name('wd')
element.send_keys('selenium')

driver.quit()

4、选取link_text元素

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver.get(url)

element = driver.find_element_by_link_text('新闻')
element.click()

driver.quit()

二、常见操作

1、输入文字

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver.get(url)

element = driver.find_element_by_name('wd')
element.send_keys('selenium')
element.submit()

driver.quit()

2、点击按钮

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver.get(url)

element = driver.find_element_by_id('su')
element.click()

driver.quit()

3、切换窗口

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
url1 = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
url2 = 'http://news.baidu.com/'

driver.get(url1)
driver.find_element_by_link_text('新闻').click()

handles = driver.window_handles
for handle in handles:
    if handle != driver.current_window_handle:
        driver.switch_to.window(handle)
        print(driver.title)

driver.quit()

三、等待元素

1、强制等待

from selenium import webdriver
import time

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver.get(url)

time.sleep(5)  # 等待5秒

driver.quit()

2、隐式等待

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver.implicitly_wait(10)  # 最长等待10秒
driver.get(url)

element = driver.find_element_by_name('wd')
element.send_keys('selenium')
element.submit()

driver.quit()

3、显式等待

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver.get(url)

element = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.NAME, 'wd')))
element.send_keys('selenium')
element.submit()

driver.quit()

四、多窗口处理

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
url1 = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
url2 = 'http://news.baidu.com/'

driver.get(url1)
driver.find_element_by_link_text('新闻').click()

handles = driver.window_handles
for handle in handles:
    if handle != driver.current_window_handle:
        driver.switch_to.window(handle)
        driver.close()

driver.switch_to.window(handles[0])
driver.find_element_by_name('wd').send_keys('selenium')
driver.find_element_by_id('su').click()

driver.quit()

五、自定义浏览器驱动

1、火狐浏览器

from selenium import webdriver

firefox_options = webdriver.FirefoxOptions()
firefox_options.set_headless()
firefox_options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')
firefox_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')

driver = webdriver.Firefox(firefox_options=firefox_options)
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver.get(url)

element = driver.find_element_by_name('wd')
element.send_keys('selenium')
element.submit()

driver.quit()

2、Edge浏览器

from selenium import webdriver
from msedge.selenium_tools import EdgeOptions, Edge

edge_options = EdgeOptions()
edge_options.use_chromium = True
edge_options.headless = True

driver = Edge(options=edge_options)
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
driver.get(url)

element = driver.find_element_by_name('wd')
element.send_keys('selenium')
element.submit()

driver.quit()

通过以上的示例，您可以快速掌握Selenium的基本使用方法，希望能对您的自动化测试工作有所帮助。