Java中使用URL(Uniform Resource Locator)可以访问不同协议的资源。常见的协议有HTTP、FTP、Telnet等,在这里我们着重讲解HTTP协议。
一、URL的构成
URL由三部分组成:协议、主机和路径。例如:http://www.example.com/index.html。其中,http是协议,www.example.com是主机,index.html是路径。除此之外,URL还可以有查询参数和锚点。
下面我们通过代码实现获取URL的各个部分:
import java.net.URL;
public class URLDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
URL url = new URL("http://www.example.com/index.html?name=yiibai#example");
System.out.println("协议:" + url.getProtocol());
System.out.println("主机:" + url.getHost());
System.out.println("路径:" + url.getPath());
System.out.println("查询参数:" + url.getQuery());
System.out.println("锚点:" + url.getRef());
}
}
二、URL的解析
在实际应用中,我们常常需要对URL进行解析,获取其中的参数。URL的解析可以使用java.net.URLDecoder类。下面通过代码演示解析URL:
import java.net.URLDecoder;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class URLParser {
public static Map parse(String url) throws Exception {
Map params = new HashMap();
int index = url.indexOf('?');
if (index != -1) {
String query = url.substring(index + 1);
String[] pairs = query.split("&");
for (String pair : pairs) {
int pos = pair.indexOf('=');
if (pos != -1) {
params.put(URLDecoder.decode(pair.substring(0, pos), "UTF-8"),
URLDecoder.decode(pair.substring(pos + 1), "UTF-8"));
}
}
}
return params;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
String url = "http://www.example.com/login?username=yiibai&password=123456";
Map params = URLParser.parse(url);
System.out.println("用户名:" + params.get("username"));
System.out.println("密码:" + params.get("password"));
}
}
三、URL的请求
使用Java可以方便地实现对URL的请求,可以使用HttpURLConnection类。下面通过代码演示对URL进行GET请求:
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class HttpDemo {
public static String getRequest(String urlString) throws IOException {
URL url = new URL(urlString);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
conn.setConnectTimeout(5000);
InputStream is = conn.getInputStream();
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(is, "UTF-8");
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
while (scanner.hasNextLine()) {
sb.append(scanner.nextLine());
}
scanner.close();
conn.disconnect();
return sb.toString();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
String url = "http://www.example.com/index.html";
String content = getRequest(url);
System.out.println(content);
}
}
如果需要发送POST请求,可以调用HttpURLConnection的setRequestMethod方法,并且需要设置Content-Type和Content-Length:
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class HttpDemo {
public static String postRequest(String urlString, String body) throws IOException {
URL url = new URL(urlString);
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
conn.setRequestMethod("POST");
conn.setConnectTimeout(5000);
conn.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
conn.setRequestProperty("Content-Length", Integer.toString(body.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8).length));
conn.setDoOutput(true);
OutputStream os = conn.getOutputStream();
os.write(body.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
os.close();
InputStream is = conn.getInputStream();
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(is, "UTF-8");
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
while (scanner.hasNextLine()) {
sb.append(scanner.nextLine());
}
scanner.close();
conn.disconnect();
return sb.toString();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
String url = "http://www.example.com/login";
String body = "username=yiibai&password=123456";
String content = postRequest(url, body);
System.out.println(content);
}
}
四、URL的拼接
有时候我们需要动态生成URL,可以使用StringBuilder来拼接URL。下面通过代码演示:
public class URLBuilder {
public static String build(String baseUrl, Map params) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.append(baseUrl);
sb.append('?');
for (Map.Entry entry : params.entrySet()) {
sb.append(entry.getKey());
sb.append('=');
sb.append(entry.getValue());
sb.append('&');
}
sb.deleteCharAt(sb.length() - 1);
return sb.toString();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String baseUrl = "http://www.example.com/search";
Map params = new HashMap();
params.put("q", "Java");
params.put("page", "1");
String url = URLBuilder.build(baseUrl, params);
System.out.println(url);
}
}
五、URL的编码
URL中的参数需要进行编码,避免出现特殊字符。Java内置了URLEncoder和URLDecoder类,可以用于URL的编码和解码。下面通过代码演示:
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
public class URLEncodeDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
String url = "http://www.example.com/search?q=Java 编程";
String encodedUrl = URLEncoder.encode(url, "UTF-8");
System.out.println(encodedUrl);
}
}
需要注意的是,对于URL中的路径部分,只需要对特殊字符进行编码,而对于查询参数部分,需要对整个参数字符串进行编码。
原创文章,作者:LEEC,如若转载,请注明出处:https://www.506064.com/n/139721.html
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